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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><op> </op></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://i43.tinypic.com/1rc1ms.j"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><!--Element not supported - Type: 8 Name: #comment--><!--Element not supported - Type: 8 Name: #comment--><span><img width="640" height="294" border="0" vshapes="imgElement" alt="http://i43.tinypic.com/1rc1ms.jpg" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg"/></span><!--Element not supported - Type: 8 Name: #comment--></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><op></op></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun; color: blue;">中</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: blue;">
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun; color: blue;">译名:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: blue;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun; color: blue;">伏尔加河上的纤夫</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: blue;">
1873</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun; color: blue;">年完成</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><op></op></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun; color: blue;">俄文原名:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: blue;"> Бурлаки на Волге </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><op></op></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">列宾对纤夫的注意,应回溯到刚入彼得堡美术学院不久,就在美丽的涅瓦河畔他看到了纤夫们所从事的几近奴隶般的劳动,心灵上受到极大的震撼。不论岁月如何流逝,纤夫形象始终镌刻在他脑中。他自承这是他</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">最钟爱的题材</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">,因为其中不仅蕴含生动的艺术素材,而且有着丰富的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">人性</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">内容。为了在更大的广度和深度上了解纤夫们的生活,他于</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">1870-72<span lang="ZH-CN">年三度到俄罗斯的母亲河</span>-<span lang="ZH-CN">伏尔加河考察写生,与纤夫们一起风餐露宿,倾听他们的人生经历,而且深入他们的内心世界。就在那里,他结识了今天这幅名画中的大部分人物原型。他用了三年创作这幅作品,常常昼夜伏案不断修改,终于获得极大成功。人们在这幅油画中第一次看到最普通的劳动群众也可以成为出色的艺术典型,俄罗斯绘画以此为标志跃上了现实主义的新台阶,列宾这个名字也就进入了世界最杰出油画大师的行列。</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><op></op></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">伏尔加河上的 纤夫</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">在辽阔的伏尔加河和蓝天的背景上,巧妙地运用沙滩地形和河流转折筑成一座隆起的黄色底座,在上面栩栩如生地塑造出十三个年龄、经历、体貌和性格各不
相同的纤夫形象。这是一支被苦难凝聚到一起的队伍,他们在布局上可分成三组。第一组是走在最前面的四个人,中心人物是那个脸面宽厚善良、眼睛深陷、胡须斑白的老者,坚毅的神情透露出智慧和内在的意志力。他的生活原型名字叫卡宁(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Канин</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">)<span lang="ZH-CN">,原是神职人员,后被免职沦为纤夫,经历和组织才能使他成为这支队伍无可争议的领头人,列宾对他非常喜爱并有极高评价。他的旁边是两个跟随他多年的得力伙伴</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">右边是一头浓密黑发、身材魁梧的憨直庄稼汉子,他失去了赖以谋生的土地,不得不靠拉纤糊口,在画面中他正对</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">头儿</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">述说着什么;另一边是一个弯腰拉纤最卖力气的红头发男子,他当过水手,最懂得如何在拉纤时用力。在他们身后是一个细长的廋子,戴着一顶破帽,斜叼着烟斗,身体还是直直的,纤绳松弛,显然在偷懒,从模样一看便知是城市无业游民,他</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">落难</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">到这个队伍只是暂时</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">混混</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">。第二组也是四个人,中心人物是那个红衣少年,他的生活原型名字叫</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">拉里卡</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ларька</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">)<span lang="ZH-CN">。他刚到这个队伍不久,还很不习惯纤夫的劳动,柔嫩的肩头大概已磨出了血泡,因此用手把纤绳往外推,一边抬头看远处什么地方,似乎想知道那边是否有不一样的生活。画家对这个少年倾注了极大的爱和同情,通过他对剥削和摧残人性的罪恶社会提出了强烈的控诉。少年的右边是一个有病的纤夫,他得了</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">痨病</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "YouYuan","serif";">(即今天所说的肺结核),身子已经虚弱不堪,正拿袖口擦去满头的虚汗;左边是一个受尽风霜之苦的秃顶老汉,他正把身体靠在纤套上打开烟袋,想抽口烟提神,看得出来他已拉纤多年,对纤夫生活已经麻木,这与少年形成了强烈的对比。少年身后还有一个仅露出一点脑袋的纤夫,他脸庞发黑,嘴唇很厚,看样子可能是在露天工厂干过活的工人,也有评论家猜测像鞑靼人。第三组是三个人,前面那个是刚退伍的士兵,脚上还穿着当兵时的皮靴,从他坚挺的步伐可以看到当年所受训练的影子;中间那个正在回头看望,也许是听到了大船上船主对他
们的吆喝,报以不屑的眼光;走在最后面的那个纤夫头埋得很低,身体完全倾倒在纤绳上,他似乎对道路的尽头已经不抱希望。除每个人物具有鲜明的个性外,整个画面的布局错落有致,浑然一体,头尾呼应,在绘画技巧上达到了很高的境界。观众在这幅画中不仅看到纤夫们的苦难,而且可以感受到他们内心蕴藏的巨大力量,难怪俄罗斯人民至今仍十分喜爱这幅油画。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <op></op></span></p> |
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